{"id":12434,"date":"2026-03-30T17:36:00","date_gmt":"2026-03-30T09:36:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fotonmedix.com\/"},"modified":"2026-03-30T16:04:58","modified_gmt":"2026-03-30T08:04:58","slug":"photothermal-precision-in-endovenous-and-proctological-surgery-the-1470nm-advantage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fotonmedix.com\/fr\/photothermal-precision-in-endovenous-and-proctological-surgery-the-1470nm-advantage.html\/","title":{"rendered":"Pr\u00e9cision photothermique en chirurgie endoveineuse et proctologique : L'avantage 1470nm"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The integration of 1470nm &#8220;water-specific&#8221; wavelengths in Class 4 laser therapy represents a paradigm shift from crude thermal ablation to molecular-level tissue sealing, minimizing the carbonization risks inherent in traditional 980nm systems while maximizing post-operative recovery speed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Coefficients d'absorption mol\u00e9culaire et physique de l'ablation cibl\u00e9e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans les domaines sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s de l'ablation par laser endoveineux (EVLA) et de la proctologie avanc\u00e9e (LHP\/FiLaC), l'objectif clinique de l'ablation par laser endoveineux (EVLA) est d'am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie des patients. <strong>traitement par th\u00e9rapie laser<\/strong> est la destruction contr\u00f4l\u00e9e de la paroi de la veine ou de la fistule sans endommager les faisceaux nerveux adjacents ou les couches dermiques. La sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9 technique du syst\u00e8me SurgMedix 1470nm r\u00e9side dans le coefficient d'absorption sp\u00e9cifique de l'eau ($\\mu_a$ en $H_2O$), qui atteint un pic significatif \u00e0 1470nm par rapport aux lasers \u00e0 diode traditionnels 810nm ou 980nm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lorsqu'un chirurgien d\u00e9ploie une fibre radiale dans une veine saph\u00e8ne interne, l'\u00e9nergie doit \u00eatre absorb\u00e9e par l'eau interstitielle de la paroi de la veine plut\u00f4t que par le sang intravasculaire. Si l'\u00e9nergie est principalement absorb\u00e9e par l'h\u00e9moglobine (comme c'est le cas avec le 980 nm), elle entra\u00eene une \u00e9bullition du sang, la formation de bulles de vapeur et, par la suite, des perforations de la veine, qui se manifestent par des ecchymoses (bleus) postop\u00e9ratoires.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"374\" src=\"https:\/\/fotonmedix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/deep-tissue-laser-therapy72.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12435\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fotonmedix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/deep-tissue-laser-therapy72.jpg 400w, https:\/\/fotonmedix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/deep-tissue-laser-therapy72-300x281.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fotonmedix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/deep-tissue-laser-therapy72-13x12.jpg 13w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>La densit\u00e9 d'\u00e9nergie requise pour une l\u00e9sion thermique transmurale r\u00e9ussie peut \u00eatre mod\u00e9lis\u00e9e par l'\u00e9quation de conduction thermique suivante en coordonn\u00e9es cylindriques :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>$$\\rho c \\frac{\\partial T}{\\partial t} = \\frac{1}{r} \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial r} \\left( kr \\frac{\\N- T}{\\N- r} \\N-right) + Q_l$$<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O\u00f9 ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>$T$ est la temp\u00e9rature.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>$\\rho$ et $c$ sont la densit\u00e9 et la chaleur sp\u00e9cifique du tissu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>$k$ est la conductivit\u00e9 thermique.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>$Q_l$ est la source de chaleur volum\u00e9trique g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9e par le syst\u00e8me de chauffage. <strong>classe 4 th\u00e9rapie au laser<\/strong> source.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>By utilizing the 1470nm wavelength, $Q_l$ is concentrated within a very thin layer ($&lt; 0.3mm$) of the target tissue. This precision ensures that the temperature reaches the required $70^\\circ C &#8211; 85^\\circ C$ for collagen denaturation and vessel shrinkage without exceeding the threshold of carbonization, which occurs at $100^\\circ C+$.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Avantage strat\u00e9gique B2B : R\u00e9sultats cliniques par rapport aux modalit\u00e9s traditionnelles<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour les propri\u00e9taires de cliniques priv\u00e9es et les services d'approvisionnement des h\u00f4pitaux, la transition vers le syst\u00e8me d'information sur la sant\u00e9 est un d\u00e9fi de taille. <strong>th\u00e9rapie au laser \u00e0 haute intensit\u00e9<\/strong> is driven by the demand for &#8220;Walk-in, Walk-out&#8221; surgical solutions. The 1470nm technology drastically reduces the recurrence rates of varicose veins and hemorrhoids by ensuring a more uniform, circumferential thermal effect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Comparaison des performances : Chirurgie conventionnelle vs. SurgMedix 1470nm<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Param\u00e8tre chirurgical<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Ligature et d\u00e9nudage \u00e0 haut niveau<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>SurgMedix 1470nm EVLA<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Avantages cliniques<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Exigences en mati\u00e8re d'anesth\u00e9sie<\/strong><\/td><td>G\u00e9n\u00e9ralit\u00e9s \/ colonne vert\u00e9brale<\/td><td>Tumescence locale<\/td><td>Diminution du risque syst\u00e9mique<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Taille de l'incision<\/strong><\/td><td>3 &#8211; 5 cm (Multiple)<\/td><td>2 mm (perforation)<\/td><td>Pas de cicatrice ; infection minime<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Douleur postop\u00e9ratoire (EVA)<\/strong><\/td><td>6 &#8211; 8 \/ 10<\/td><td>1 &#8211; 2 \/ 10<\/td><td>R\u00e9duction de la d\u00e9pendance aux opio\u00efdes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Retour au travail<\/strong><\/td><td>14 - 21 jours<\/td><td>1 &#8211; 2 Days<\/td><td>Efficacit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique pour les patients<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Ecchymoses \/ Contusions<\/strong><\/td><td>Tr\u00e8s large<\/td><td>Minimale \u00e0 nulle<\/td><td>R\u00e9sultats esth\u00e9tiques sup\u00e9rieurs<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>En utilisant <strong>th\u00e9rapie par lumi\u00e8re laser<\/strong> as the primary modality, surgeons can treat Grade III and IV hemorrhoids with the Laser Hemorrhoidoplasty (LHP) technique. Unlike a traditional hemorrhoidectomy (Milligan-Morgan), LHP preserves the sensitive anoderm and the sphincter muscle, virtually eliminating the risk of fecal incontinence\u2014a critical clinical pain point that often deters patients from seeking treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c9tude de cas clinique : LHP avanc\u00e9e pour un prolapsus h\u00e9morro\u00efdaire de grade IV<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ant\u00e9c\u00e9dents du patient et pr\u00e9sentation clinique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Sujet :<\/strong> Femme de 55 ans, h\u00e9morro\u00efdes internes chroniques de grade IV avec prolapsus et saignements fr\u00e9quents.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Diagnostic :<\/strong> Maladie h\u00e9morro\u00efdaire de grade IV avec prolapsus muqueux associ\u00e9. La patiente a refus\u00e9 la chirurgie conventionnelle par crainte des douleurs post-op\u00e9ratoires et d'une longue convalescence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Configuration des param\u00e8tres perop\u00e9ratoires<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>La proc\u00e9dure a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9e \u00e0 l'aide du syst\u00e8me SurgMedix 1470nm avec une fibre conique sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e pour assurer une p\u00e9n\u00e9tration profonde de l'\u00e9nergie dans le coussin h\u00e9morro\u00efdaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Param\u00e8tres<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>R\u00e9glage \/ Valeur<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Longueur d'onde<\/strong><\/td><td>1470 nm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Puissance de sortie<\/strong><\/td><td>8W &#8211; 10W (Continuous Wave)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u00c9nergie totale par n\u0153ud<\/strong><\/td><td>100 J &#8211; 120 J<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Dur\u00e9e de l'impulsion<\/strong><\/td><td>1,2 seconde<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Total de l'\u00e9nergie livr\u00e9e<\/strong><\/td><td>450 J (sur 4 n\u0153uds)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">R\u00e9cup\u00e9ration et conclusion clinique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Imm\u00e9diatement apr\u00e8s l'op\u00e9ration :<\/strong> La patiente a signal\u00e9 une douleur de 1\/10 sur l'\u00e9chelle VAS. Aucun saignement n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>72 heures apr\u00e8s l'op\u00e9ration :<\/strong> Le patient a repris un travail de bureau l\u00e9ger. Un l\u00e9ger \u0153d\u00e8me a \u00e9t\u00e9 constat\u00e9, mais il a \u00e9t\u00e9 trait\u00e9 avec des anti-inflammatoires oraux.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>4 semaines de suivi :<\/strong> R\u00e9traction compl\u00e8te des coussins h\u00e9morro\u00efdaires. L'\u00e9valuation anoscopique a confirm\u00e9 la fibrose totale du p\u00e9dicule vasculaire.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>R\u00e9sum\u00e9 :<\/strong> L'utilisation de <strong>th\u00e9rapie laser des tissus profonds<\/strong> par une approche sous-muqueuse a permis la destruction de l'art\u00e8re h\u00e9morro\u00efdaire tout en maintenant l'int\u00e9grit\u00e9 de la surface muqueuse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Maintenance et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 : Le cadre de conformit\u00e9 B2B<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>As a B2B manufacturer, Fotonmedix emphasizes that the performance of a Class 4 system is only as reliable as its maintenance protocol. For regional distributors, providing a comprehensive &#8220;Service Level Agreement&#8221; (SLA) is key to securing long-term contracts with state hospitals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gestion des fibres et efficacit\u00e9 optique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>La fibre optique est le composant le plus vuln\u00e9rable de la cha\u00eene chirurgicale. Les fibres <strong>th\u00e9rapie par lumi\u00e8re laser<\/strong> n\u00e9cessite des fibres \u00e0 grande ouverture num\u00e9rique (NA) et des noyaux en silice pure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Int\u00e9grit\u00e9 des conseils :<\/strong> In proctological procedures, contact with charred tissue can cause the fiber tip to overheat and &#8220;pit.&#8221; Surgeons are advised to use a &#8220;back-and-forth&#8221; motion to prevent localized overheating.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Entretien du connecteur :<\/strong> The SMA-905 connector must be inspected with a fiber scope for dust particles. A single speck of dust can vaporize at 15W, causing a catastrophic &#8220;burn-back&#8221; into the laser&#8217;s internal optical bench.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Normes r\u00e9glementaires internationales<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour les partenaires B2B de l'UE et de l'Am\u00e9rique du Nord, la conformit\u00e9 au MDR (Medical Device Regulation) et au 510(k) de la FDA est essentielle. Nos syst\u00e8mes sont soumis \u00e0 des tests rigoureux de compatibilit\u00e9 \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tique (CEM) afin de garantir qu'ils n'interf\u00e8rent pas avec d'autres \u00e9quipements sensibles du th\u00e9\u00e2tre, tels que les moniteurs cardiaques ou les tours de laparoscopie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L'avenir de la photobiomodulation dans la r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration post-chirurgicale<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Alors que le laser chirurgical se charge de l'ablation, l'application secondaire de la technologie <strong>th\u00e9rapie par photobiomodulation<\/strong> (using the 650nm\/810nm wavelengths) is gaining traction for post-operative care. By applying a low-fluence, high-area treatment immediately after surgery, clinicians can stimulate lymphatic drainage and reduce the &#8220;inflammatory cascade,&#8221; further shortening the recovery window. This dual-use capability (Ablation + Recovery) is a unique selling proposition for the Fotonmedix series, allowing clinics to justify the capital expenditure through multi-departmental utility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">FAQ : Assistance technique professionnelle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. What is the advantage of a &#8220;Radial&#8221; fiber over a &#8220;Bare&#8221; fiber in EVLA?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A radial fiber emits light in a 360-degree ring, ensuring the entire vein wall is treated uniformly. Bare fibers emit light forward, often causing localized &#8220;hot spots&#8221; and vein perforations, which lead to post-op pain and bruising.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Le syst\u00e8me SurgMedix peut-il \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 pour les proc\u00e9dures ORL ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Oui. La longueur d'onde de 1470 nm est tr\u00e8s efficace pour la r\u00e9duction des cornets et l'amygdalectomie, o\u00f9 la chirurgie sans effusion de sang et la propagation thermique minimale sont n\u00e9cessaires pour prot\u00e9ger les membranes muqueuses d\u00e9licates et le cartilage sous-jacent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Is there a risk of &#8220;Over-treatment&#8221; with Class 4 power levels?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Oui. Contrairement aux lasers de classe 3b, les lasers de classe 4 peuvent induire des l\u00e9sions tissulaires thermiques rapides. Il est essentiel de calculer la densit\u00e9 d'\u00e9nergie endoveineuse lin\u00e9aire (LEED) ou le nombre total de joules d\u00e9livr\u00e9s par cm pour garantir le succ\u00e8s th\u00e9rapeutique sans compromettre la s\u00e9curit\u00e9.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The integration of 1470nm &#8220;water-specific&#8221; wavelengths in Class 4 laser therapy represents a paradigm shift from crude thermal ablation to molecular-level tissue sealing, minimizing the carbonization risks inherent in traditional 980nm systems while maximizing post-operative recovery speed. Molecular Absorption Coefficients and the Physics of Targeted Ablation In the specialized fields of endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"themepark_post_bcolor":"#f5f5f5","themepark_post_width":"1022px","themepark_post_img":"","themepark_post_img_po":"left","themepark_post_img_re":false,"themepark_post_img_cover":false,"themepark_post_img_fixed":false,"themepark_post_hide_title":false,"themepark_post_main_b":"","themepark_post_main_p":100,"themepark_paddingblock":false,"footnotes":"","_wpscp_schedule_draft_date":"","_wpscp_schedule_republish_date":"","_wpscppro_advance_schedule":false,"_wpscppro_advance_schedule_date":"","_wpscppro_dont_share_socialmedia":false,"_wpscppro_custom_social_share_image":0,"_facebook_share_type":"default","_twitter_share_type":"default","_linkedin_share_type":"default","_pinterest_share_type":"default","_linkedin_share_type_page":"default","_instagram_share_type":"default","_medium_share_type":"default","_threads_share_type":"default","_google_business_share_type":"default","_selected_social_profile":[],"_wpsp_enable_custom_social_template":false,"_wpsp_social_scheduling":{"enabled":false,"datetime":null,"platforms":[],"status":"template_only","dateOption":"today","timeOption":"now","customDays":"","customHours":"","customDate":"","customTime":"","schedulingType":"absolute"},"_wpsp_active_default_template":true},"categories":[19],"tags":[827,832,817,836],"class_list":["post-12434","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-industry-news","tag-surgical-laser","tag-deep-tissue-laser-therapy","tag-class-4-laser-therapy","tag-laser-light-therapy"],"metadata":{"_facebook_share_type":["default"],"_twitter_share_type":["default"],"_linkedin_share_type":["default"],"_pinterest_share_type":["default"],"_instagram_share_type":["default"],"_medium_share_type":["default"],"_threads_share_type":["default"],"_google_business_share_type":["default"],"_wpsp_custom_templates":["a:7:{s:8:\"facebook\";a:3:{s:8:\"template\";s:0:\"\";s:8:\"profiles\";a:0:{}s:9:\"is_global\";b:0;}s:7:\"twitter\";a:3:{s:8:\"template\";s:0:\"\";s:8:\"profiles\";a:0:{}s:9:\"is_global\";b:0;}s:8:\"linkedin\";a:3:{s:8:\"template\";s:0:\"\";s:8:\"profiles\";a:0:{}s:9:\"is_global\";b:0;}s:9:\"pinterest\";a:3:{s:8:\"template\";s:0:\"\";s:8:\"profiles\";a:0:{}s:9:\"is_global\";b:0;}s:9:\"instagram\";a:3:{s:8:\"template\";s:0:\"\";s:8:\"profiles\";a:0:{}s:9:\"is_global\";b:0;}s:6:\"medium\";a:3:{s:8:\"template\";s:0:\"\";s:8:\"profiles\";a:0:{}s:9:\"is_global\";b:0;}s:7:\"threads\";a:3:{s:8:\"template\";s:0:\"\";s:8:\"profiles\";a:0:{}s:9:\"is_global\";b:0;}}"],"_edit_lock":["1774857900:1"],"_wpsp_social_scheduling":["a:11:{s:7:\"enabled\";b:0;s:8:\"datetime\";N;s:9:\"platforms\";a:0:{}s:6:\"status\";s:13:\"template_only\";s:10:\"dateOption\";s:5:\"today\";s:10:\"timeOption\";s:3:\"now\";s:10:\"customDays\";s:0:\"\";s:11:\"customHours\";s:0:\"\";s:10:\"customDate\";s:0:\"\";s:10:\"customTime\";s:0:\"\";s:14:\"schedulingType\";s:8:\"absolute\";}"],"wpil_sync_report3":["1"],"themepark_post_bcolor":["#f5f5f5"],"themepark_post_width":["1022px"],"themepark_post_img":[""],"themepark_post_img_po":["left"],"themepark_post_img_re":[""],"themepark_post_img_cover":[""],"themepark_post_img_fixed":[""],"themepark_post_hide_title":[""],"themepark_post_main_b":[""],"themepark_post_main_p":["100"],"themepark_paddingblock":[""],"footnotes":[""],"_wpscp_schedule_draft_date":[""],"_wpscp_schedule_republish_date":[""],"_wpscppro_advance_schedule_date":[""],"_wpscppro_dont_share_socialmedia":[""],"_wpscppro_custom_social_share_image":["0"],"_linkedin_share_type_page":["default"],"_selected_social_profile":["a:0:{}"],"_wpsp_enable_custom_social_template":[""],"_wpsp_active_default_template":["1"],"_edit_last":["1"],"_aioseo_title":["1470nm Class 4 Laser Therapy: Precision Surgery Solutions"],"_aioseo_description":["Technical guide on 1470nm Class 4 laser therapy for EVLA and LHP surgery. Optimize clinical outcomes with high-intensity laser systems for B2B procurement."],"_aioseo_keywords":["a:0:{}"],"_aioseo_og_title":[""],"_aioseo_og_description":[""],"_aioseo_og_article_section":[""],"_aioseo_og_article_tags":["a:0:{}"],"_aioseo_twitter_title":[""],"_aioseo_twitter_description":[""],"catce":["sidebar-widgets4"],"views":["33"]},"aioseo_notices":[],"medium_url":false,"thumbnail_url":false,"full_url":false,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fotonmedix.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12434","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fotonmedix.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fotonmedix.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fotonmedix.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fotonmedix.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12434"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/fotonmedix.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12434\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12436,"href":"https:\/\/fotonmedix.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12434\/revisions\/12436"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fotonmedix.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12434"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fotonmedix.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12434"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fotonmedix.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12434"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}